The eNotes Blog 6 Southern Gothic Literature Recommendations for YourClassroom

6 Southern Gothic Literature Recommendations for YourClassroom Probably the most significant issues to be tended to in today’s homerooms incorporate bigotry and sexual orientation value however they’re likewise the absolute most threatening subjects for instructors to handle. Fortunately, Southern gothic writing manages these thoughts head on. This subgenre features the dissimilarity between glorified ideas of the prewar South and the real factors of subjection, prejudice, and man centric society that existed all through the period. In progressively contemporary terms, the class tends to the difference between the American Dream and the real factors experienced by numerous non-white individuals, ladies, and low-pay Americans. Southern gothic writing tends to these subjects through moderately basic artistic gadgets portrayal and setting. Characters offer voice to the horrendous, transgressive, unreasonable, or in any case untouchable motivations that exist inside the American zeitgeist. These qualities are regularly communicated evidently through discourse or inside monolog, or externalized through physical irregularities. Additionally, setting likewise underscores American social elements. Southern gothic writing is regularly set in the American South, including rotting estates, towns that never recouped from the Civil War, as well as character’s who keep up their prevalence while living in decrepit conditions. For some understudies, Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird is their first prologue to the class. Characters, for example, Boo Radley and Tom Robinson embody the manner in which Southern Gothic writing externalizes a character’s inside and social clashes. So also, Bob Ewell’s supremacist predominance, compared with his own oppressed way of life, is a great case of how the class utilizes setting to create social subjects. By concentrating how portrayal and setting are conveyed inside Southern Gothic writing, instructors can guide and mentor their understudies through a conversation concerning how the injuries of US history sway the individuals living in that. Let’s investigate some different instances of Southern Gothic writing that you can use in your study hall today: Twentieth Century Greats William Faulkner Victor of the 1950 Nobel Prize, Faulkner is the author most regularly connected with Southern Gothic writing. Most of Faulkner’s ouvre is set in the anecdotal Yoknapatawpha County, the site of a Civil War misfortune and the home of a network dealing with its horrendous past. Think about perusing: The Sound and the Fury,â 326 pages Absalom! Absalom!,â 320 pages As I Lay Dying, 288 pages â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, 36 pagesâ Zora Neale Hurston Hurston was conceived in Alabama, brought up in Florida, and moved to New York to be praised as an author and anthropologist inside the Harlem Renaissance. Her assortment of work, comprising of fiction, verifiable, and theater, is known especially for its mind and feeling. Think about perusing: Their Eyes Were Watching God, 219 pages â€Å"Spunk†, 106 pages Flannery O’Connor O’Connor is the author most ordinarily connected with the odd parts of Southern Gothic composition. In her exposition â€Å"Some Aspects of the Grotesque in Southern Fiction,† O’Connor contends that Southern Gothic composing is liberated from ideas of affability and pleasantness that can restrict literature’s capacity to pass on the real world. Think about perusing: â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†, 190 pages â€Å"Everything that Rises Must Converge†, 25 pages Savvy Blood, 256 pages Richard Wright  Born on an estate in 1908, Wright is known for trading the extraordinary parts of Southern Gothic writing for the determined real factors of life for African Americans in the Jim Crow South. Think about perusing: Dark Boy, 419 pages Local Son, 504 pages â€Å"Fire and Cloud†, â€Å"Long Black Song† â€Å"The Ethics of Living Jim Crow† Contemporary Writers to Watch Toni Morrison The principal African American lady to ever acknowledge a Nobel Prize, many believe Morrison to be the pinnacle of contemporary Southern Gothic composition. Known for being particular and melodic, Morrison avoids any utilization of language that endeavors to darken the truth of life in America. Think about perusing: The Bluest Eye,â 216 pages Dearest, 324 pages Tune of Solomon,â 337 The Source of Self Regard, 354 pages Jesmyn Ward Conceived in Mississippi in 1977, Ward has just earned two National Book Awards and a MacArthur Genius Grant, among numerous different lofty honors. In spite of the fact that her work is regularly classified as Young Adult, it investigates the securities that exist inside disappointed African American people group in the contemporary American South. Think about perusing: Rescue the Bones, 261 pages Sing, Unburied, Sing, 285 pages

A Play Topaz by Marcel Pagnol

A Play Topaz by Marcel Pagnol It is hard for a genuine man to live in a degenerate world. This is the reason of Marcel Pagnol’s play entitled Topaze. A legit man in a degenerate world resembles a fish out of water. In the said play the hero clung to a lot of qualities that are strange to the individuals that have adjusted to a conviction framework that was established in defilement (Pagnol 10). Promoting We will compose a custom exposition test on A Play Topaz by Marcel Pagnol explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More If this is the situation, at that point, the future looks depressing for the individuals who seek to follow the correct way. It is in this way imperative to answer the inquiry concerning the trouble of living in a degenerate world. Notwithstanding, a closer perusing of the play will uncover that Pagnol didn't expound on the trouble of living in a degenerate world, rather, he concentrated on the trouble of accomplishing achievement. A fair man is an outsider in a degenerate world. He has values that are strange to a degenerate man. This can be found in the early piece of the story wherein the peruser is advised about the stupidity of looking for after unethical addition (Pagnol 9). On account of the hero named Topaze, he was innocent enough to accept that the world he lived in shared his qualities (Popkin 164). His name represents a valuable stone amidst futile rotting matter. Debasement in its essential structure implies something can't get by till the end. A bit of meat left in outdoors can't see the week's end in light of the fact that the breaking down substance is devoured by components of rot. A valuable stone then again is valuable in view of its magnificence as well as its backbone. Hence, a degenerate man may appreciate the trappings of riches yet incapable to appreciate the genuine significance of life. The rich man in the play wore excellent garments however perseveres through the agony of a wrecked family (Pagnol 15). The spouse of the well off p atriarch has all the fine things that cash can purchase yet returns home to a vacant house since her significant other invests most of his energy with his special lady. The creator said that it is smarter to endure detestable as opposed to appreciate the products of corrupt activities (Pagnol 9). A legitimate man will most likely be unable to manage the cost of gold and precious stones however he can return home to a family that adores him. He can appreciate existence with a spouse that approaches him with deference. Moreover, a legit man can deliver youngsters that approach him with deference. Promoting Looking for exposition on workmanship and structure? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is one thing that can be normal in the life of a degenerate man and that is to imitate a similar way of thoroughly considering his kids (Pagnol 10) Consider for example the manner in which the child of the rich man attempted to control t he framework as he wanted to accomplish scholastic greatness without investing genuine exertion in his examinations (Pagnol 11). Returning to the inquiry in regards to genuineness, one can contend that a legit man can live in a degenerate world. Be that as it may, it is hard to achieve achievement. Topaze can get by in a ruined world, however he discovered that it is difficult to succeed (Pagnol 139). There is a major distinction between the possibility of endurance and achievement. Endurance implies the capacity to live in a general public with simply the minimum necessities. It is living in steady concern that there may not be sufficient nourishment for the family. It is an existence without confirmation of lasting haven and access to human services. This is outlined through the change of Topaze from a poor instructor to a man of riches and influence (Pagnol 135). An effective individual on the different goes past endurance. He and his family appreciate benefits that are out of re ach to others Success is comprehended as the gathering of riches and everything that goes with it. Achievement is the capacity to give solace to the family. Achievement implies the affirmation of access to answers for pretty much every possible need. This was shown by the proof of gathered riches when Topaze showed the his rewards for so much hard work like an office with all the trappings of influence and titles that talk about his status in the network (Pagnol 183). By and by, Topaze’s life was additionally a case of the value that must be paid as far as trading an upbeat and tranquil existence with one that is brimming with pressure and internal strife (Pagnol 141). A fruitful individual gives every one of these things. In any case, a poor man doesn't approach assets that empowers him to accomplish achievement. Therefore there is incredible compulsion to twist the guidelines and now and then to break them so as to collect riches that prompts achievement. Toward the end Top aze capitulated to the allurement since he was unable to oppose the appeal of riches as well as the magnificence of ladies (Pagnol 183). At long last Topaze was tempted by riches as well as by the charms of an enchantress (Pagnol 183). In this manner, it tends to be said that a legit man can live in a degenerate world yet it would be hard for him to discover success.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on A Play Topaz by Marcel Pagnol explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion The play qualified Topaze appears for contend that a fair man can't live in a degenerate world. However, a closer perusing of the play will uncover that a genuine man can live in a degenerate world yet will think that its hard to accomplish achievement. The trouble lies in his choice not to disregard the standards imparted in his brain and heart. Albeit a legit man may not discover achievement, he can make due in a degenerate world. In any case, he may discover it very hard to stay fair for long. Pagnol, Marcel. Topaze. Paris: Aux Grandes, 1930. Print. Popkin, Debra. Current French Literature. MI: Ungar Press, 1977. Print.

Optimizing Data Harvesting Potential with Top End Aggregator

Optimizing Data Harvesting Potential with Top End Aggregator Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Optimizing Data Harvesting Potential with Top End AggregatorUpdated On 15/03/2017Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : BusinessShort URL : http://hbb.me/2mJZoRU CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogData harvesting is actually fundamental to the existence of the internet. During its formative days, scientists hit upon the concept of internet only as a medium to explore the interconnectivity of data. Later on, as the web transformed over from an exclusive scientific advancement to a highly functional mechanism for people’s participation, its relevance on data aggregation remained as relevant as ever. In fact, it has been the guiding concept for all milestone developments of the web, from search engines to social networks.A Fundamental ConceptSites like facebook and twitter were created to encourage users to provide personal data inputs, ultimately assisting the organization to int erpret psychosocial patterns in a changing world. Google is nothing but a huge data aggregation tool for the entire internet, and accessible to any user without a cost! The user typically enters an input feedback in the form of keywords, and the search engine utilizes its real time data scanning results to deliver an almost instantaneous output of the best websites relevant to the query. For further granular scanning on inter-site and intra-web levels, one could access specialized third party tools for the same. Online facilities like connotate are widely popular among webmasters and SEO specialists alike. The benefits of content aggregation using connotate are actually limitless as users can specify the output over a wide range of parameters.The key pointsYou may need to find audience interaction dynamics, or gather a complete oversight of competition performance over a targeted keyword. All facilities are easily accessible. Nevertheless, users need to check a few important things to ascertain whether an aggregation service is really up to the task.READEmployee Training: The Key To Building A High-Performing Team For Your Small Business ?Check out the following essential aspects:1. Scanning confidentiality: You must be sure that your search results and protocols are totally confidential. Verify the digital security methods employed by them.2. Scanning security: It is important to understand that anything at all done over the web carries its own SEO significance. Therefore, you should be sure whether using such a service would be conducive with search engine algorithms.3. Backup support: Check if the site has ample means to store your search histories at your discretion. There should be the guarantee of essential backup on whatever you gather for future references.4. Data presentation: This is a very important factor that one must especially verify. Find out if the service can present the data over your preferred statistical formats. The options should include 3D graphs, pie charts, bar charts, and other types of interesting comparison metrics for presentation.5. Diverse flexibility: Find out whether you have the essential flexibility to set various specific parameters of data harvesting as per your needs.6. Deep mining: How deep can the data mining accomplish? Is it capable of intra site harvesting from competitor pages without raising suspicion? Can it harvest official and unofficial records with complete assurance?7. User support: the answers to these questions should be accessible at a man-managed frontdesk support. Visit the preferred service to verify these in the user experience there.Working out the content aggregator using connotate should be a perfect deal by your ideal requisites. Your decision should be evident on visiting the service page.

John F. Kennedy and Reagans Debate - 824 Words

The two speeches that were discussed in Germany about the berlin wall are similar but also different from each other. John f. Kennedy’s speech focuses on how he has never heard of a wall being put up to keep the people of Germany a divided continent. He also states that his people in his country take pride in being able to meet the people of West Berlin. To add on he also says â€Å"I know of no town, no city, that has been besieged for 18 years that still lives with the vitality and the force, and the hope and the determination of the city of West Berlin†. With that statement it lets people know that berlin is a strong and determined country. John demands freedom and in one of the lines from his speech he says â€Å"Freedom is indivisible, and†¦show more content†¦To be able to call yourself united as one and to live a peaceful and stop the wars that are happening. John shows that in his speech and demands freedom for berlin to become one as a whole. Then ag ain I wouldn’t disagree with Ronald’s speech either because he does show love for the country or shows he is proud to stand for berlin as well as America. But John puts the people first before his own belief. Both were amazing speeches and were happy to stand by Germany through the rough times and now they are a peaceful place and still maintain the beauty of their ownShow MoreRelatedPolicies And Issues Affect Partisanship1656 Words   |  7 Pagesthe idea that with each new president, the new issues arising in the country will be handled a certain way. Furthermore, how said issues are handled by those in office affect the partisanship. These new issues also allow there to be a basis for new debate. Seeing as â€Å"strong partisanship† is merely just, strong feeling about your party and unwillingness to compromise on issues when party ideologies can be violated, I feel that with each new issue people will either feel two completely different waysRead MoreHuman Communication: Non Verbal Communication1231 Words   |  5 PagesClinton. A perfect example of this skill would be during the nineteen ninety-two presidential debate between Bill Clinton and George Bush. During the second debate, an audience member asked a question on the recession. George Bush’s response was more defensive and confusing than a definitive answer (Masket). This opened the door for Clinton to win the crowd over with a well versed answer. In the debate, you will notice Clinton’s hands always line up directly with his words when he is trying to soundRead MoreEssay Cold War Presidents1736 Words   |  7 Pagesand more nervous in the hot seat, and this is where we see the trend of seemingly bungling, clandestine presidencies with leaders who didn’t know how to spread themselves effectually across the issues at home and overseas. Truman, Eisenhower, and Kennedy all had fairly similar policies aimed to promote racial integration, expand Social Security, contain the Soviet threat to the Eastern Bloc, and rebuild postwar Europe under an American democratic influence.1 Truman’s actions are more so admirableRead MoreThe History of Affirmative Action2496 Words   |  10 PagesCourt ruling of 1986 c.President Franklin Roosevelts contribution d.President Harry Trumans contribution III.Affirmative action comes into being a.President John F. Kennedys contribution b.President Lyndon B. Johnsons contribution IV.Fair employment a.Civil Rights Act of 1964 b.Landmark ruling of 1971 V.President Ronald Reagans contrary view VI.Affirmative action after Reagan VII.Reverse discrimination a.San Francisco Police Officers Association v. San Francisco b.Hayes v. North StateRead MoreThe Most Scholar Among Us1549 Words   |  7 Pagespoint two it talks about the importance of debates. As we all know debates are normally televised. â€Å"If anything, they probably help challengers a bit more than incumbents. The book talks about some great examples â€Å"Richard Nixon’s performance against John F Kennedy in 1960 should have warned incumbents and leading candidates to avoid debates. President Lyndon Johnson in 1964 and Nixon in 1972 heeded that warning, but President Gerald Ford agreed to debate Jimmy Carter in 1976. Carter apparently didn’tRead MoreKeeping Guns Out of the Hands of the Irresponsible1790 Words   |  7 PagesAct of 1934. The act was established after the crimes of the gangsters during the Prohibition-Era. Gun laws were also more restricted after the assassinations of John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Senator Robert F. Kennedy, which brought about the Gun Control Act of 1968. The Brady Bill was enacted in 1993 after President Reagan’s press secretary, James Brady, was injured in the attempted assassination. After the recent school shootings, President Obama formed a Gun Violence Task Force toRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy2040 Words   |  9 PagesAlmost a year after President John F. Kennedy was assassinated; a turning point would come for future President Ronald Reagan. In October 1964, Ronald Reagan gave a moving speech in support of Presidential candidate Barry Goldwater. Reagan was a phenomenal speaker and the American people learned this from hearing his speech â€Å"A Time for Choosing.† He knew how to engage the audience and keep them interested in what he was saying. He made them laugh one minute and feel anger in the next. When heRead MoreThe American Government is Retracting its Social Contract Essay4249 Words   |  17 Pagesby addressing Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s New Deal Policy because that was when social welfare programs became necessary for basic human survival. I then use John F. Kennedy’s inaugural address to note when volunteerism historically gained popularity. In addition, I analyze the Peace Corps, a federally-sponsored program that Kennedy created, by proving that presidents use volunteering as ulterior motives to gain political clout. Next, I show how Ronald Reagan transferred social welfareRead MoreWorld War II : The Great People s War1529 Words   |  7 Pagesideas that expanded throughout the military area, one example that demonstrates the impact of this policy was: the Cuban Missile Crisis, in which the policy of containment was applied by John F. Kennedy in 1962, after the rising fear of Soviet nuclear missiles that were stablished in Cuba. After months of debate, United States and the Soviet Union agreed that the Soviets will remove the missiles from Cuba if the USA promised never try to invade Cuba. With this agreement, United States stopped anyRead MoreImmigration And Nationality Act Of 1965 Essay1730 Words   |  7 Pageseventually lead to a Muslim being in charge of the nation.19 Like other religious groups in the US, Muslims were not trusted to be American. The debate about the loyalty of Muslims in the late 20th century was similar to the debates about the loyalties of the Catholics in late 19th and early 20th c entury. In fact, prior to the election of John F. Kennedy, a large number of Americans voters were in doubt about Catholics were loyal to the United States Constitution or the Pope.20 The question of dual

Darwins Theory of Evolution Essay - 702 Words

James Hutton was born June 3rd, 1726, in Edinburgh, Scotland. He was a Scottish farmer and a naturalist, later in life he was known as the father of modern geology. (â€Å"James Hutton†, 2010) Hutton thought that sedimentation takes place so slowly that the oldest of rocks are made of, in his words, â€Å"materials furnished from the ruins of former continents.† The opposite happens when rock is eroded or decayed from weather or conditions of the area. He called this destruction and renewal the â€Å"great geological cycle,† and then realized that it had been happening for many years. Another one of Hutton’s theories was the Theory of Uniformitarianism. That was the idea that geological forces still at works today, were not that noticeable to†¦show more content†¦If it is not possible to maintain the production of food to satisfy the population, than the population must be kept down to the level of available food.† (Rosenberg, 2009) Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution was that everything in the world was connected in some way. He was also known for the theory of natural selection. In that he said that the organisms with th e better mutations or adaptations will survive; â€Å"only the strong will survive.† (Darwins theory of†) Charles Lyell was a major influence to Darwin. That is because Darwin agreed with most of Lyell works and theories for the most part because they helped validate his own work. The ones that he did not agree with he discarded. (Sir Charles Lyell†) Malthus was the other major influence in Darwin’s work because of his theory stating that if we did not have population control than the population would grow too big and we could not produce enough food to support the world or the growing population. Darwin expanded on this theory by saying that by producing more offspring than could survive that would create competition between the organisms. With that the organisms would produce more offspring usually with adaptations that could make them stronger in one way or another. With the stronger organisms, the weaker ones would slowly die off because of competition or because of a lack of resources. (Thomas Malthus†) To answer the question of whether or not DarwinShow MoreRelatedThe History of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution980 Words   |  4 Pages Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. (Dobzhanski, 1973) It was during his journey on board the Beagle that Darwin developed his theory of evolution. â€Å"On the Origin of Species† (Darwin, 1859) proposed two main principles: evolution really occurs and natural selection is its mechanism. This work published on 24th November 1859 traces a coherent portrait of life bringing together in an orderly manner an astonishing variety of apparently independent facts. It led biologistsRead MoreCharles Darwins Theory of Evolution Essay1311 Words   |  6 PagesBefore the theory of evolution was a widespread theory in the world of science, Greek and Roman philosophers had their own theories about how life came to its present state and where it was going from there. One theory at the time was that all organisms are reflections of a â€Å"perfect† form and were coming closer to it all the time, although this was the less accepted theory even though it was closer to the truth proven hundreds of years after, while another was that all thin gs were simply placesRead MoreCharles Darwins Scientific Theory of Evolution1284 Words   |  6 Pagesscientific theory of evolution and suggests that species have evolved over a period of many generations through a process called natural selection. Darwins theories have created much controversy among his colleagues and led to great amounts of debate. However, the massive amount of criticism directed at Darwin convinced him to make to revisions. As a result, his future editions would differ considerably from the earlier versions and he also responds to some of the issues people had with his theory in theRead MoreStrengths And Weaknesses Of Darwins Theory Of Evolution1359 Words   |  6 PagesDarwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection is a theory that is and has been widely accepted for many years. The reason for this widespread acceptance is the many strengths that Darwin’s theory has. However, even though this is true, Darwins theory has a few weaknesses. Dar win, although close, did not paint a full realistic picture of evolution with his theory. Darwin’s theory of evolution is the most commonly accepted theory because of the strong evidence that the theory is built on. OneRead MoreCharles Darwins Theory Of Evolution1151 Words   |  5 Pagesteacher within the State of Tennessee to teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man and that man descended from a lower order of animals.†1 Fundamentalism was the basis of The Butler Bill. Fundamentalism is the belief in the literal interpretation of religious texts. In June, a Tennessee high school substitute teacher named John Scopes was accused of teaching Charles Darwin s theory of evolution to students. The theory of evolution was a hypothesis that species survived throughRead More Public Outcry and Acceptance to Darwins theory of Evolution2140 Words   |  9 Pageshumans also evolved from lesser creatures. Darwins theory of evolution was meet with critical response, mainly negative, at the time of its inception, but slowly gained support in the years following. In particular at the time of Origins publishing, the western world was undergoing a religious revival of sorts thanks to the rise of Evangelicalism. Due to conflicts of interest between Darwins proposed theory of evolution directly contradicting the biblical theory of creationism, much controversy was generatedRead MoreDarwins Theory of Natural Selection and the Evolution of Animals673 Words   |  3 Pages Darwin’s theory of natural selection has provided us with the explanations of the processes involved in the changes of species over long periods of time. His theory was based on five major assumptions: VARIATION: When Individuals within a species differ from one another in physical characteristics and in their behaviour. HERITABILITY: Some of the variations amongst the members of species is inherited, meaning that the offspring tend to resemble their parents moreRead MoreLamarcks Influence on the Development of Darwins Theory of Evolution1979 Words   |  8 PagesLamarcks Influence on the Development of Darwins Theory of Evolution Dec. 4 1996 Marc Weinstein There have been many ideas on the theory of evolution. Some simply take our existence for granted, others prefer to explain all evolution in terms of the bible and the presence of a God. However, there are those who have researched the topic of evolution and have offered an explanation as to where a species comes from and how they evolved in the manner that they did. This type of science has beenRead MoreCharles Darwins Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Essay1027 Words   |  5 Pages Darwin is considered by other people as the creator of Evolution. Darwin was not the only man to arrive at the theory of evolution. Darwin came to his theory of evolution at the same time as an another man who goes by the name of Alfred Russell Wallace came to the same conclusion. Wallace being relatively unknown was not respected for having the same conclusion because the fact that people were so apt to listen to the theory’s of Charles Darwin. After time Darwin published a book On the OriginRead MoreCharles Darwins Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Essay1832 Words   |  8 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other than Mendellson and his studies with genetics, Darwin has by far contributed the most to our modern science. From his theories on variation of species to his explanation of natural selection Charles Darwin has shocked the world by proving the world older than previously thought and creatures not immutable. In this present day these theories are as common belief as a simple mathematical equation such as two plus two equals four; but in the year eighteen hundred and fifty nine Darwin

Puppy Mills Have Been Notorious For Keeping The Puppy...

Puppy mills have been notorious for keeping the puppy trade industry alive and as big as it is today. With thousands of puppy mills, both known and under the radar, they provide easy access and cheap puppies to sell at pet stores at inflated prices. While they do keep the business booming and keep pure breeds that may specialize in important roles, they continue to put countless numbers of dogs through terrifying pain. To stop the agonizing torture the lovable pups go through, stricter rules must be applied to these puppy mills, a new license regulation must be used, regular inspections, and awareness of alternative options must be made. With already set regulations on puppy mills, people say there is no reason to have any additions on the rules. There is a kennel license, which restricts how many dogs someone can have depending on how much square footage of land he or she owns. This regulates the amount of dogs that can be held for breeding and to keep the area clean and safe enough for all the dogs involved. People are required to go through a moderately long process to achieve their license, to ensure that these dogs will be okay. Puppy mills are also known for keeping pure breed numbers up, such as beloved German shepherds, poodles, Welsh Pembroke corgis, and Labradors. Having mixed breeds can be healthier of course but as Sofia Jeppsson had said in her article Purebred Dogs and Canine Wellbeing, â€Å"However, in the long run such a strategy would severely deplete theShow MoreRelatedIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pages......................................... 29 IGBO DICTIONARY ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Abbreviations: Parts of speech of headwords have been indicated in this edition as follows adj. aux. v. cf. coll. conj. dem. E. enc. esp. ext. suff. H. infl. suff. int. int. lit. n. num. p.n. prep. pron. poss. quant. usu. v. Y. adjective auxiliary verb compare colloquial conjunction demonstrative EnglishRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesWadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, California USA in 1993 with ISBN number 0-534-17688-7. When Wadsworth decided no longer to print the book, they returned their publishing rights to the original author, Bradley Dowden. The current version has been significantly revised. If you would like to suggest changes to the text, the author would appreciate your writing to him at dowden@csus.edu. iv Praise Comments on the earlier 1993 edition, published by Wadsworth Publishing Company, which

The Picture free essay sample

This picture was taken by my mother on Halloween a couple years ago. My brother was dressed up as batman. I was a poodle skirt girl. This picture is really meaningful to me because it reminds me of when I was younger. My brother and I were all dressed up and ready to go get some candy. My brothers cape had come undone so I was refastening it. At that moment, I remember feeling so grown up. Like I had become his mother. Something that little girls like to play a lot is being mommy or teacher. I was no exception. I remember, as I was finishing the knot, my brother started puckering up. A smile stretched across my face. Then snap. My mother took the picture. Each time I come across this picture, I feel a strange sensation in my stomach. Id call it melancholy. When I see our faces, black against the white of the wall, I can tell we love each other. We will write a custom essay sample on The Picture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The photo gives away very little. You cant see our expressions, or our eyes. But it is this secrecy that gives way to another breathtaking detail. The perfect outline of our faces, shows my round nose, his batman ears, my hands working skillfully at the knot, his lips puckering up, and my innocent smile. It is a perfect shot. It captures the innocence of our childhood in a mature and conservative way.

The Role of Sampling in Statistics Essay Example

The Role of Sampling in Statistics Essay In statistics, a sample is a section of the subject chosen for a study.   In most cases sample will to be taken because a given subject area to be researched has a large number of participating population.   If a decision is made to make some kind of a study on a given subject, a population for example, it is easy to take a sample and work with the sample to arrive at whatever is intended on the outset, which in most cases is to make a statistical calculation that could be about the samples opinion on a given subject matter, such as voting for example.   The reason why taking samples is important is because of the large number of the population or groups that will be targeted.   Such a process of obtaining information to infer and extrapolate an outcome from a collected data goes by the name known as sampling.   There is always effort exerted to avoid bias when taking samples, which means the outcome of the finding will have to be unbiased as much as possible and that is wh en the accuracy of the data could be relied upon.   [1] If someone wants to make a certain study that pertains to women and if the sample is taken only from women who are working in an office environment, it will miss its target, and will not be representative, because the bigger population of women might not be working in the office.   There are stay-at-home moms, there are those who are working in various fields that do not involve working in an office environment, there are those who could be unemployed and cannot be included in the sample that will be taken from offices.   The solution for this problem is to make the sample random or a probability sample because it will be a better representative of the diverse women population and those that are not working in the office could also be included. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Sampling in Statistics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Sampling in Statistics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Sampling in Statistics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When dealing with samples the first key aspect to pay attention to is â€Å"external validity†, which focuses on the approximate truth of the conclusion or how the conclusion will be applicable to other subjects that are in different places, and how it would hold if used at a different time.   There are two known general approaches to arrive at a conclusion through a finding made by conducting a research.   The first one is sampling model where like it was mentioned, it is possible to target a subject or a population and take a sample to conduct the required research and most of the time the finding could be relied upon and could be used to arrive at a conclusion.   But it is possible label the sample as biased, which means no matter how careful the process had been, there is a possibility of a bias.   [2] The other approach called Proximal Similarity Model that was suggested by Donald Campbell can be used to take varied samples by keeping in mind different components of the general subject, population or locations, or different times in the future.   This is if the subject are people who are not in the group when the sample is being taken they will be kept in mind in such a way that the finding will have relevance to them too. The same applies to those who could be in a different location other than where the research is being conducted and they will also get the same consideration, where if the finding is used in the future it will still hold some reliability. There is an inherent threat with external validity that will make the final conclusion wrong because of the three components involved namely people, place, and time.   Because the validity of the finding could always be argued for as simple a reason as not choosing the right kind of people or the right kind of place, or time.   It is possible to point out a bias after the conclusion is final, which means although generalizing is possible, still the degree of the acceptance could come down on the scale. However, it is possible to minimize the mistake by being extra careful when taking the sample and by doing it randomly.  Ã‚   Another way of defending a validity of a finding is by working on the proximal similarity, by simply covering the extra mile in taking the samples from various groups and various locations.   It is also possible to use different times so that the findings will not be influenced by a given incident or event. Another important aspect of sampling is, knowing exactly who the target is or to whom the finding will be important.   Because there are situations where a certain finding could have a universal acceptance, for example.   If we are talking about people, it should be applicable to all humans.   Or if we are talking about a group living in a given area then the scope will be narrower, but in most cases what is applicable in a finding for one location should be applicable somewhere else with a degree of bias we can live with.   Still, no matter how careful we are, there will always be those who are not accessible from the group for various reasons and will force the finding to lean on the theoretical aspect of the finding.   In practice the â€Å"sampling frame† from where the sampling is derived from will not be complete in most cases, because of inaccessible population, yet all effort should be exerted to minimize the theorizing aspect of the finding. Yet even if thin gs go right for the most part, it might not possible to completely eliminate the bias simply because something could go wrong. Another interesting aspect of sampling is it is possible to take different but similar samples from the same population, which means, why take only one sample when it is possible to take more samples. The advantage is it would be possible to look at different outcomes and according to many findings, chances are the final outcome will be similar.   What this means is if we draw a graph all the graphs will have a bell shape although some extreme outcome cannot be ruled out, but it is rare.   The idea is the more sample we are able to take, our chance of arriving at what is known as a the parameter† will be high. The parameter is what will normally be arrived at if the whole group or population had been surveyed, which means as the number of the sample increases, the possibility of comparing and arriving at a better result is there.   Eventually the statistical finding will be more than generalizing, but the problem is if that was always possible, there is no need to be both ered with statistics.   The other advantage of taking a bigger number of samples is to bring down the â€Å"standard deviation†, which by itself would lead to a lower â€Å"standard error†.   The reason for that is even if it is avoided because of impracticality, the ideal approach would have been to go for the parameter, but it would be very expensive and time consuming, hence the main reason why taking sample is involved.   [3] In the world of sampling there is a â€Å"probability sampling† and it uses a random selection method.   There has to be some kind of a mechanism in order to carry out a random selection from a given group and the mechanism used will have to ascertain that the various components or participants will have equal probability of being chosen.   A â€Å"simple random sampling† has a few methods for it and what the aim is to choose a certain number of samples from a given group. The latest and the fastest way of doing that is using the various computer programs, which include EXCEL spreadsheet and using the RAND () function will do it automatically.   However, in spite of the fact that simple random may seem to be fair and correct for the most part, the possibility that not a good representative of the subjects might not be chosen is there affecting its efficiency and reliability. The other sampling method that acknowledged to be more accurate is â€Å"stratified random sampling†.   How it works is by dividing the subjects into visible subgroups and then it is possible to perform random sampling on each subgroup.   The advantage, of course, is there will not be a subgroup under representation since covering every possibility will be possible. In addition, the statistical precision is much higher and it gets better if the subjects are homogeneous. There is also â€Å"systematic random sampling†, which comes more handier and for it to work there will have to be a given number such as 1 – N, then deciding on the size of its components is required. There also has to be an interval and to make it work if the interval starts at k=N/n= the outcome will be the interval size.   Once randomly selected an integer between 1 k the number to take will the kth unit.   In order to accomplish this keeping the subjects random is required and its advantage is it is easy to work on, where all that is required is picking a random number.   Furthermore, it is always precise and when things get a bit complicated, it might be the only way out. The useful random sampling is â€Å"cluster random sampling† and it is mostly handy when a vast geographical area is involved, where a lot of distance-covering geographically will be involved.   Therefore, it is easy to come up with a clustering system where dividing the involved groups is possible using a geographic boundary, for example, and taking random sampling on each cluster and compare the outcome of the total cluster to arrive at a conclusion is possible.   When the need comes to combine the above mentioned cluster random sampling the process involved is â€Å"multi-stage-sampling†.   Sometimes after introducing cluster sampling there might be a need to apply stratified sampling in order to do an effective job and such mixing of the sampling is what is called multi-stage- sampling, because first comes the cluster sampling and in order to complete that effectively stratified sampling might be applied. The other sampling method that is believed to be more accurate is â€Å"stratified random sampling† and how it works is the subject or the population will be divided into visible subgroups and then it is possible to perform random sampling on each subgroup.   The advantage, of course, is there will not be a subgroup misrepresentation because it is possible to cover every possibility.   In addition, the statistical precision is much higher and it gets better if the subjects are homogeneous. The sampling that does not involve random sampling is known as â€Å"non-probability sampling† and it tends to be less reliable because of the lack of applying the â€Å"probability theory† and the end result could be, it could go either ways, to the point where it could be difficult to tell if it might have been possible to do a good representation or not. Even if that is the case for the most part researchers prefer to rely on probabilistic sampling, but there could be cases where applying it might be unavoidable. Non-probability sampling has two main types, â€Å"accidental† and â€Å"purposive†.   The accidental or haphazard samplings are incidents where the news media, for example, would go out on the street and approach anyone to get an opinion on a certain matter and it is not possible to say that individual is a fair representative of the population at large.   Or in some cases researchers could prefer high school or college students to make researches on certain subjects simply because there is a concentration of individuals that could be well informed on certain matter that might pertain to them, but in no way they can represent the population at large.   In clinical research it had been customary to use clients that are available and but might not be represent the of the overall population or at times volunteers could be involved where in some circumstances payment could be awarded.   Even if it is possible to get an opinion, it still might fall short of represen ting the overall population. On the other hand â€Å"purposive sampling† like its name states is done by having a given purpose in mind and it could be quick.   A good example is if a big company wants to know what its customers are thinking about the goods and services it offers, it could hire interviewers who will approach the customers while they enter the store or when they leave and will ask them certain questions.   Here it is possible to make mistakes as those who are visiting that store might be a representative of a particular subgroup that just happened to be there because of the location or because of the other businesses that are located around the particular business. Alternatively, if it is a regular day the visitors could be of a certain subgroup, and the same is applicable if it is a weekend.   The point made here is the subjects might not be the proper targets and the outcome might not be as reliable as a method that uses a proper random sampling method. Purposive sampling has different catagories and one is for example â€Å"Modal Instance Sampling† where the target is the most frequent case or the typical case.   While interviewing individuals there could be certain aspects that will influence them to give certain answers such as age, education, and income level.  Ã‚   Without knowing those aspects it will be difficult to rely on the typical or modal findings to be representative of the public at large. Religion and ethnicity also can play roles when individuals are giving quick answers and the interviewer has so much leeway to ask those questions without stepping over with what is normally unacceptable subject matter such as marital status, the size of the family, occupation could also make such a difference.   Therefore, any finding made through modal instance sampling could end up being an informal finding. There is â€Å"expert sampling† that fall in the same category and it involves bringing together experts in a form of a panel to ask about a modal survey that was made so that when the result is released the findings will have the backing of the experts.   That gives a boost to the reliability of the findings and the only time there will be a problem is if the experts themselves are wrong, which is a rarity, and it means if a modal instant sampling had been conducted, to be in the safe side it will be advisable to back it up with expert sampling, because nothing goes wrong most of the time. Another part of â€Å"purposive sampling† is â€Å"Quota Sampling† where a predetermined number of subjects will have to be approached and for no reason, that quota will be changed.   If the idea is to approach 50 female students and 50 male students in a college setup even if there is a shortage from one group and it is possible to make up from the other, it will not be allowed.   If there is a shortcoming on this sampling it is that in advance the characteristic has to be determined and if there is no success or if there is a shortage, adjustment could be made by lowering the number and the reliability of the data might suffer.  Ã‚   This in fact is proportional quota sampling.   The non-proportional quota sampling is not concerned about the exact number per se as long as there are enough of participants and collecting the data could go on and could be inferred to arrive at the desired result.   This method gets the credited for making sure even small groups will have a part to play and is similar to stratified sampling. Another part of purpose sampling is â€Å"heterogeneity† sampling where the drive here is to come up with certain working or popular ideas and what is involved in most instances is brainstorming of a group of people to see if they come up with the desired new ideas.   Therefore, there is concern about average instances and the number of people does not matter as long as it is possible to have enough number to participate.   Because of that the participants should be as heterogeneous as possible in spite of their number. One other sampling method that fall in the same category is â€Å"Snowball Sampling† where the participants will have to meet certain circumstances and once they qualify they will be asked to recommend others, which would work most of the time.   This method could be good to get access into some groups that have accessibility problem.   [4] The conclusion is it is difficult to say one method is the best and meets all the requirements, which means each method has its own advantage that has to be evaluated by the researchers on their drive to arrive at a conclusion that is very much closer to the reality.   However, in the field of taking surveys in a form of opinions, what is accepted is generalizing so that those who are using the information will know what the commonly held outlook about a certain matter is, hence they could form their own opinion based on that.   There is no scientific guarantee that states the findings are this much precise and close to the truth.   Such information, however, is much more important to those who will make important decisions based on it, because the finding might be the only available tool on their hand to help them make important decisions and they would have no choice other than taking a chance. It is proven that survey makes a lot of difference in business decision making because businesses are heavily dependant on feedback and that is why they spend a lot of money on surveys.   Other entities like governments can use surveys too since it is the only means that will give them a good glimpse into what kind belief, opinion, or stand the public has when they try to implement certain strategies.   Hence, sampling is one of the tools statistics rely upon to gather information about certain matters and the reason why a representative sample is used is, it is cost effective.

STRAP ON THAT BOOK

STRAP ON THAT BOOK Went to the community recreation center to walk the track, and I noticed a new childrens book on the counter where we check in. The rec center has allowed authors to put childrens books up there before, since so many kids are involved in the programs. I flipped through it, to see if it was self-published or traditional (it was self-pubbed)I asked about it, and the director said a retired school teacher wrote it. The illustrations were nice. A pretty book. I just published my book recently, I said. Oh, what kind? Mystery. The setting is in the Lowcountry, on Edisto, I said. Do you have one with you? I LOVE mysteries. So does my mother, she said. There I stood in workout clothes, no make-up and straight hair, and I caught myself selling my book. I promised her one the next day. (Which meant I had to return to workout, you know.) So I gave her the book the next day and went to the track (love that air-conditioned track, nine laps equals a mile). When I came down, she handed me the money. Her co-worker piped up. You wouldnt On another day, I went to get my hair cut. I carried the book this time, and my hairdresser bought it. And wouldnt you know it . . . the shop owner wanted a copy too, and Id only brought one. I returned that afternoon with eight, and they put them on sale to customers, in exchange for giving the owner one free. Whats cool is that these people will tell other people about the author THEY KNOW, who writes this great mystery set in their HOME state. Its all about connections . . . and having a book available. From that point on, I decided to keep books in the proverbial trunk of my car, only mine are in a dry cooler in the back of an SUV, so the sun doesnt cook them. One thing you learn once you publish a book . . . it needs to be with you at all times. Youre talking it up to everyone, so why shouldnt it be handy? When budgeting for your promotional efforts, whether traditionally or self-published, be prepared to sell or give away a good number of books at inopportune moments. Dont get caught empty-handed, because those precious moments of opportunity might not come back around. If youre an author, that means you write books, and the public takes it for granted you have one in your back pocket.

Cultural Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cultural Issues - Essay Example The cultural variety today becomes a very significant issue in the research field of international relations, first of all for the best understanding of laws of social life, an organization of statehood and management in complex communities, prevention and resolution of conflicts. There is no doubt that cultural factor is obviously present in the modern policy of international relations. Robert Garson (â€Å"extra information†) states: â€Å"issues of culture, rights, and justice drive international relations and international politics in a certain direction†. Moreover, according to Garson, culture is very important because: The cultural variety today becomes a very significant issue in the research field of international relations, first of all for the best understanding of laws of social life, an organization of statehood and management in complex communities, prevention and resolution of conflicts. There is no doubt that cultural factor is obviously present in the mo dern policy of international relations. Robert Garson (â€Å"extra information†) states: â€Å"issues of culture, rights, and justice drive international relations and international politics in a certain direction†. Moreover, according to Garson, culture is very important because:†¢ â€Å"It is the key to our social and ultimately individual identity†;†¢ â€Å"if to look at the rhetoric of international politics, that rhetoric is actually wrapped up in cultural phrases. People talk of themselves as being French or Tanzanian or American, they use these identities†;†¢ â€Å"culture is actually one of the organizing principles of most political communities†.For the first time, the question on cultural variety arises in world politics after the First World War I when the countries-winners have formulated the doctrine of self-determination on an ethnocultural basis as the mechanism of the abolition of imperial states of Austria-Hungary, O ttoman Turkey, Imperial Germany and Imperial Russia. A certain formula of "national self-determination" gradually began to gain a foothold as the international norm of state formation.  There was an idea that the society should be culturally homogeneous.

Programming - Graphical User Interface Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Programming - Graphical User Interface - Essay Example The Graphical User Interface (GUI) is the most popular implementation of a Direct Manipulation Interfaces (DMIs) which presents users with a model of their information space and users can manipulate their information by direct action. Since GUI makes use of â€Å"visual objects to implement its model therefore the user can manipulate these objects via a mouse or another pointing device. The User Interface Management Systems (UIMS) are implemented mainly as GUIs so that the interface governs the entire system and not just a single application† (Daniel, Maurice & Thomas, para. 10). The â€Å"Graphical User Interface (GUI)† term came into existence because the first interactive user interfaces to computers were not graphical; they were text-and-keyboard oriented alpha-numeric characters and usually comprised of commands. With earlier interactive user interfaces, the computer had dull appearance and had very brief responses. We had to remember the computer commands too. The typical example of user-computer interface is the user interface of DOS operating system which is still used to from Windows operating system. The GUI utilizes the graphical objects to replace and/or supplement alpha-numeric user interfaces. In this way, graphical user interface enhances the end-user's and/or application programmer's productivity. Well- designed graphical user interface can free the user from learning complex command languages. On the other hand, many users find that they work more effectively with a command-driven interface, especially if they already know the command language (Hoffmann, para.6-8).

Cap and Trade Policy Paper Essay Example for Free

Cap and Trade Policy Paper Essay Introduction: The issue of carbon emissions is an important one not only from an environmental perspective but also an economic one. While reducing carbon emissions is an important one for the health of human beings as well as that of the environment, the larger question is what type of policy strategy is best for both reducing such emissions which might have an impact on efforts to mitigate the effects of pollution on climate change. While ther are options to consider which does not rely on economics technological or output standards achieved by command and control regulationsthey are often fraught with political resistance by industry because they do not allow industry to make any choices or play a role in solving the problem of excessive emissions and the burden that these emissions place on others. Instead of such draconian measures based on fiat, the preferred options rely on economic tools instead to provide incentives to industry to police itself by either incenting investment in emission-reducing and/or energy saving technologies or to reduce production in line with the total/social-costs rather than just the private/ producer-costs of production. Two such economic policies to consider in this regard are emission taxes and cap-and-trade policies. Overview of Policy Problem: Carbon emissions reduction Consider a company that faces an increasing marginal pollution abatement cost curve as in the Figure 1. Left unregulated it will choose not to reduce its carbon emissions (a.k.a abate carbon emissions) and avert facing the costs of abatement represented by the area underneath the marginal abatement cost curve represented by area (B + C + D) in the diagram below. Figure 1: Marginal Costs and Marginal Benefits of Reducing Carbon Emissions [pic] Source: Econ 101: Carbon Tax vs. Cap-and-Trade, 2012, n.pag. Suppose that policy analysts have determined that the economically efficient level of pollution abatement occurs at the point where marginal benefits of abatement equal the marginal cost costs of abatement as is suggested in economic theory. The resulting level of carbon emissions is e* (reduction in emissions is measured from the far right in the diagram above to the pointe*). The question is what policy to follow to achieve e*: either some type of fiat policy involving either some type of output restriction or requiring use of a particular pollution-control technology or some type of policy that involves financial incentives to reduce emissions. This paper hypothesizes that policy options involving economic incentives are preferable to those options that involve regulatory fiat. Specification of Economic Policy Models: 1) A Carbon Emissions Tax: One policy instrument that can be used to achieve this level of abatement is to set a tax where marginal benefit equals marginal cost represented by the horizontal tax line in the Figure 2 below. Under such a scheme, the polluter will find that it is cheaper to reduce carbon emissions so long as the marginal cost is lower than the tax. Since the tax bill (A + B) is great than the marginal abatement cost bill (B) to the left of the point e*, the firm will choose to reduce emissions up to the level of C with the remaining emissions level indicated in figure 2 measured from the right in the diagram. To the right of e*, the marginal abatement costs, represented by areas C + D, are greater than the tax bill (area D) so the firm will choose to pay the tax and continue to emit pollutants beyond e*. Figure 2: The Carbon Emissions Tax [pic] Source: Econ 101: Carbon Tax vs. Cap-and-Trade, 2012, n.pag. So long as the marginal costs and benefits of abatement can be known with certainty, an emissions tax can be set at the point of intersection of these two measures resulting in an efficient level of pollution emissions at e* with total abatement costs (including taxes paid) to the polluter of area B+D and providing the government with revenues represented by D (Econ. 101: Carbon Tax vs. Cap and Trade, n. pag.). It is when these marginal costs and marginal benefits are either not measurable in their entirety or when there is uncertainty about the figures obtained that leads to added questions as to whether this would be the best policy to follow. 2) A Cap Policy: An alternative policy to an emissions tax to achieve reductions in emissions through the tools of economics is to set a cap at the point where marginal social benefit equals marginal social cost of reducing emissions/abatement represented by the vertical cap line in Figure 3 below. The polluting firm must reduce its carbon emissions to e* where the marginal social cost of reducing emissions equals the marginal social benefit of the products produced by the polluter. Such a policyif the social costs and social benefits can be measured accurately—results in an efficient level of emissions produced/reduced at e* with an abatement cost borne by Figure 3: Cap Policy for Each Firm [pic] Source: Econ 101: Carbon Tax vs. Cap-and-Trade, 2012, n.pag. the polluter equivalent to area B (Econ. 101: Carbon Tax vs. Cap and Trade, n. pag.). The issue is whether total social costs can be measured and measured accurately in order to set such a policy at the correct or efficient level of emissions for each firm. Normally such policies do not result in efficiency even though an efficient level of overall emissions can be attained since it does not account for different costs of abatement in different firms. That is, a level of emissions can be attained that is equivalent to that achieved under an economically efficient policy but the level is not achieved at the lowest overall cost. One way of obtaining individual caps is for the government to auction off emission permits that total the pre-set amount of emissions that it feels is optimal. Firms with higher costs of reducing emissions will bid higher than firms with lower cost structures. Again, the only problem is determining what the total amount of emissions should be reflecting all social costs and benefits of reducing carbon emissions. 3) A Cap-and-Trade Policy An added twist on the cap policy allows firms to trade emission allotments between themselves based on the buyer of allotment bargaining with the seller over the proper price to pay for the extra allotment. A two-panel diagram is needed to better understand the logic of trading emission allotments. Figure 4 illustrates the marginal cost of reducing emissions of two firms. One firm is run on older technology with high abatement costs that goes from right to left with zero costs represented at the lower right-hand corner of the diagram. The other firm has newer technology in its plant with lower abatement costs that goes left to right with zero costs represented at the lower left-hand corner of the diagram. The width of the horizontal axis is the reduction in emissions that must be achieved overall to an efficient level. The intersection of the two marginal cost curves is where economic efficiency is achieved. That is, the value achieved Figure 4. Cap-and-Trade Between Firms Policy Source: Econ 101: Carbon Tax vs. Cap-and-Trade, 2012, n.pag. from the last dollar expended on abatement must be the same across all firms in the market. This is known as the equimarginal principle (Boyes and Melvin, 2011,122). The total cost of attaining the efficient abatement/emissions level is equal to the area C + G + K. At the efficient level of emissions, e*, the low cost (of reducing emissions) firm should reduce more emissions than the high cost (or reducing emissions) firm. Such a policy can be implemented by issuing carbon permits to different firms and allowing them to buy and sell their permits in the open market. Normally, equal amounts of permits are issued to each firm since it is difficult to assess the true abatement cost a priori. In the end, the marketplace will help determine the differences in cost structure depending on how high a firm is willing to bid for an extra permit or two (Econ. 101: Carbon Tax vs. Cap and Trade, n. pag.). As with the individual firm cap policy, the cap-and-trade policy is predicated on the government being able to determine the optimal level of total emissions desired reflecting social costs and benefits of reducing carbon emissions. Combining the different economic policy options together, it is obvious that it is possible to achieve the same level of reduction in emissions by setting a tax at the same level as where the marginal costs of reducing emissions is the same between firms which is at the level represented by the horizontal line in Figure 4 above. As above, the polluting firms will notice that it is cheaper to abate carbon emissions as long as the marginal abatement cost is lower than the tax. The firms with the higher cost structure will reduce emissions to e* when measured from right to left and incur abatement costs equivalent to area K and pay taxes equivalent to area B+C+F+G. The firms with the lower cost structure will reduce emissions to e* when measured from left to right and incur abatement costs of C+G and pay taxes equivalent to areas J + K in Figure 4. Setting a cap on each individual firm will produce the same level of reduction in emissions, but given that it is difficult, if not impossible, to individualized caps based on different cost structures of abatement, an efficient outcome is difficult to achieve under such a policy even though emissions are reduced to the same overall level. Regarding the market failure due to the negative carbon externality, both a carbon tax and carbon cap-and-trade will achieve the same level of increased efficiencyassuming that measurements of costs and benefits can be measured accurately by reducing emissions to the optimal level at minimum cost. The real difference in these policies is due to differences in the distribution of costs. In the carbon tax policy, the government receives added revenues while in the cap and cap-and-trade policies when permits are simply handed out to firms, the firm has no additional outlays other than the cost of abatement to stay within the cap or to purchase additional allotment from other firms. If the permits are initially auctioned off by the government, the additional revenues to the government should be nearly the same as with a tax scheme if marginal social costs and benefits have been measured accurately. However, the economics-based policies are preferable to policies based on fiat where specific technologies (e.g., smoke-stack scrubbers) or a uniform cap on emission outputs across all firms since these other policies fail to take into account social costs and benefits. With regard to the economics-based policies, the following added impacts may also occur. First, in addition to static efficiencyefficiency occurring within a single period of timethere may also be dynamic efficiency within these policy schemes whereby firms have an incentive to adopt new technology over time to reduce their marginal costs of reducing carbon emissions (Econ. 101: Carbon Tax vs. Cap and Trade, n. pag.). Secondly, carbon emission taxes and/or auctioning permits will generate additional government revenue that might be used to offset various distortionary taxes on labour and/or capital (Econ. 101: Carbon Tax vs. Cap and Trade, n. pag.). Evidence and Analysis: There are various problems associated with the design of emissions tax regimes warranting discussion. First, if such a tax were placed on individuals rather than firms without any offsetting changes in other taxes or government transfers, a carbon tax might be regressive suggesting that the highest tax burden would be placed on the poor (Poterba, 1991, 11). This is mostly applicable to gasoline taxes where a flat emissions tax would make up a higher percentage of the income of poorer over wealthier taxpayers; thus, an issue of equity arises here. Likewise, firms with higher profit margins would shoulder less burden from the tax than firms with lower profit margins given a similar costs of pollution abatement. Poterba (1991) suggests that this regressiveness could be offset by changes in either the direct tax system or in government transfers. Second, as the population grows and production totals continue to increase to meet the demands of this growing population, emission taxes will need to rise to keep emissions at a particular level; this may lead to a set of distortions in terms of domestic vs. foreign production whereby firms can transfer production to other jurisdictions that do not have such taxes in place. Thus, international trade leads to an opportunity to get around the tax scheme and the higher the taxes instituted, the higher the incentive to engage in such behaviour. Thus, if emission taxes differ significantly between two neighbouring jurisdictionfor example, the State of New York and Connecticut or even New York and one of its neighbouring Canadian provincesthere is an inherent incentive to move production outside of the jurisdiction with the highest taxes and import products from elsewhere. Third, a central issue regarding the design of carbon emissions taxes to harmonize such polities with other fiscal instruments designed to mitigate the effects of climate change. For instance, it is important to ensure that taxes on chlorofluorocarbons and emissions from fossil fuels are comparable to avoid distortions in consumption that may lead to a worse outcome for the environment than in the absence of such policies (Poterba, 1991, 27). Bosquet (2000) conducted a review of the evidence regarding the impact of carbon emissions taxes on the environment and the economy. She claims that environmental taxes involve the shifting of tax burden from employment, income, and investment to resource depletion and waste. She asks the general question of whether such tax reform can produce a double benefit by helping the environment and the economy simultaneously. Based on her reviews of the literature and available evidence, she concludes that when emissions taxes are instituted, they are generally associated with reductions in payroll taxes, andif wage-price inï ¬â€šation is preventedthey often result in signiï ¬ cant reductions in pollution and small gains in employment (Bosquet, 2000, 19). Also associated with the implementation of such environmental taxes are also marginal changesgains or losses in production in the short to medium term, while investments decease marginally and prices increase. However, she cautions that the results of such environmental taxes in the long-term are less certain (Bosquet, 2000, 29). With regard to cap and cap-and-trade policies, the evidence is also available regarding the effectiveness and consequences of such policies. Stavins (2008) describes a graduated cap-and-trade scheme that involves initially just Carbon gasses with 50% of permits issued to polluters in the market free of charge and other half auctioned off. Over 25 years, the percentage auctioned off annually will gradually increase to 100% and other greenhouse gas emissions will be included over this time span. The idea is to implement a gradual iterative policy with a slow trajectory of emission reductions. As time goes on, other emissions are included in this scheme and the system provides for harmonizing this scheme over time with effective cap-and-trade systems and other emission credit reduction programs in other jurisdictions. This harmonization effectively addresses the issue raised with emission tax policies that are unilaterally established in one jurisdiction without consideration for the po licies in neighbouring jurisdictions. If there is an effective way to dovetail policies in different jurisdiction, then this would level the playing field between domestic and imported products. Regarding actual cap-and-trade policies already in place, Colby (2000) analyzes a cap-and-trade policy for limiting Sulfur Dioxide emissions. The changes stemmed from the Clean Air Act of 1990 which allowed for a nationwide cap-and-trade policy for industrial firms emitting sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere. Marginal costs of reducing emissions fell substantially duringn the 1990s due to reduced costs of installing scrubbers, reduced costs of flue gas desulfurization, and falling costs for low sulfur coal all due, to a large extent, to an active program of trading/buying allowances between firms that emerged after a few years of experience after the program was initiated. As Colby (2000) states, â€Å"The allowance trading market enhanced competition among the different methods that firms use to control emissions, adding impetus to cost reductions† (Colby, 2000, 642). Low allowance prices and falling marginal costs associated with reducing emissions produced earlier-than-predicted cutbacks in sulfur dioxide emissions. Allowance prices rose from lows of $80-90/unit in 1996 to about $215/unit in mid-1999 spurring further conservation efforts. Colby (2002) does mention that design and implementation of cap-and-trade schemes involves some important policy tradeoffs: equity among the players, balancing use levels with resource conditions, facilitating transactions between firms wishing to trade allowances, accurate accounting for externality costs, assuring adequate monitoring of emissions levels, and documenting welfare gains due to the policy. She says that efficient trading mechanisms can be more easily implemented when there is a strong political or legal mandate to cap resource use and trading allowances are sensed by all parties involved to be a way to ease adjustment to limits on emissions (Colby, 2000, 638). In choosing between the various policies, it is inevitably important to sense the level of uncertainty over measuring the items of interest. With regard to emissions taxes, it is important to have fairly accurate estimates of marginal social costs and benefits and with regard to cap-and-trade schemes, there needs to also be a fairly accurate means of estimating the optimal level of emissions given all the costs and benefits involved in reducing emissions. If it becomes difficult to measure these items accurately, then the expected deadweight loss and associate probabilities of various miscalculations needs to be assessed and compared across the different strategies to determine the policy that produces the smallest expected deadweight loss which is key from an economic perspective. Since policies based on fiat, such as technology mandates and non-economically based output standards, are not set with regard to these types of measures, it is likely that the deadweight economic loss associated with these policies will be greater than for either emissions taxes or better yet, cap-and-trade policies. Conclusion: The evidence suggests that economics-based emissions policies are preferred over policies based on fiat. Moreover, the strongest evidence for promoting investment in pollution control equipment and reducing emissions that mitigate the effects of climate change appear to involve cap-and-trade policies. Partially, this might be due to the flexible design of such policies which—through the auctioning and/or trading of allowances—account for changing market conditions. This policy, even more so than emission taxes, forces the industry to face current market conditions through the use of auctions and trading for emission allowances. As a result, the parties are forced to make choices based on strong economic criteria to obtain efficiencies over time. Works cited: Bosquet B. 2000. Environmental Tax Reform: Does It Work? A Survey of The Empirical Evidence. Ecological Economics. 34, 19-32, Colby G. 2000. Cap-and-Trade Policy Challenges: A Tale of Three Markets. Land Economics, 76, 638-658. Econ. 101: Carbon Tax vs. Cap-and-Trade. 2012. Website. Retrieved on June 5th, 2012 from http://www.env-econ.net/carbon_tax_vs_capandtrade.html Melvin W. Boyes M. 2011. Microeconomics. 9th ed. Marion, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning, Poterba JM. 1991. Tax Policy to Combat Global Warming: On Designing a Carbon Tax. NBER Working Paper. MIT-CEPR 91-003WP. Retrieved on June 7th, 2012 from http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/50159/28596145.pdf?sequ Stavins RN. 2008. Addressing Climate Change with a Comprehensive U.S. Cap-and-Trade System. Nota Di Lavoro 67.2008 Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei. Retrieved on June 7th, 2012 from http://www.feem.it/userfiles/attach/Publication/NDL2008/NDL2008-067.pdf

My Personal Philosophy of Education Essay -- Education Teachers Reflec

My Personal Philosophy of Education Education is the key to a successful and fulfilling life. The purpose is to give each child an equal opportunity to achieve his or her goals. I believe that the overall purpose of education is to prepare for the future. Education is so important to one’s life that educators cannot merely teach in one manner. To truly teach someone you must dig until you find a way for him or her to completely understand. That’s why I think that teaching is going to be a great challenge everyday. As a teacher I will have a whole classroom full of individuals with different learning styles, different strengths and weaknesses, different attitudes, different lifestyles, and different motivations. Because of this, I will have to use an eclectic mix of approaches and teaching styles. As a teacher I feel it is my responsibility to prepare my students for the inevitable changes that will occur in their lives by instilling confidence and knowledge while presenting myself as a good role model. Teachers play such an important role in a child’s life, sometimes being their only source of encouragement and support. As a teacher, I want to know my students; their personality, learning style, and academic level, so I can meet their needs and create the best learning environment possible. I will bring into the classroom my open-mindedness, my respect for others, my willingness to listen before making decisions, and my love for knowledge. I hope that by ...

Medusa

How does the writer present power in medusa and another poem In medusa, Duffy uses the character of a female to show power. â€Å"Be terrfied†. This quote is a short sentence which emphasises her power and that when she looks at you, it doesnt take long till you are turned into stone. The sentence also creates a sinister tone in a way that she wants you t be afraid of her because she was once destroyed now she wants to destroy others as she has the power to do so.Duffy later on uses the verb â€Å"shattered† which links with the word â€Å"spattered†. This demonstartes the strength of her power to destroy, her power is so strong that anything that comes in her way either ends up â€Å"shattered† or â€Å"spattered†. The verbs also infer that with power comes jelousy because Medusa destroys everything that appears to be positive and beautiful. They might also suggest that the way she has destroyed inncocent life is a way to say that she is out of con tro herself.The poem structured around her transformation, and the escalating scale of the living things she turns to â€Å"stone†. She starts with a â€Å"buzzing-bee† and her victims increase in size until she changes a â€Å"dragon† into a â€Å"volcano†. Finally she turns her attention to the man who broke her heart. In her last line Medusa says â€Å"look at me now†. this line, given great structural emphasis, is hugely ambiguous.It could be a heart-felt plea for attention as well as, of course, a heavily ironic threat and reminder of her capabilities. The paradox for Medusa is that she has become trapped by her own power. Duffy may be suggesting that the negative and destructive qualities of revenge will eventually undo their perpetrator. In the same way power is a major theme in Ozymandias, what was once so magnificent – a symbol of the king's great power – is now â€Å"sunk†¦ shattered†¦ lifeless†.

Code of Ethics Design and Implementation Essay - 2960 Words

Introduction Business ethics has become increasingly important in recent years. American’s idea of business had become more negative due to the scandals in the early nineteen nineties. Due to the increasing public outcry, it is more important than ever to have an enforced code of ethics or CofE. Currently, the organization I work for, PBC, does not have a code of ethics. There are many important ideas that need to be implemented in a CofE for my organization to ensure ethical behavior by every employee. I will be developing an ethics plan to be adopted by my organization, and will provide evidence as to why that is in my code of ethics. Organizational Structure The management company I work for is the most decentralized†¦show more content†¦We have an accepted structure of me as the manager, then my maintenance manager, then my leasing staff and his make ready tech. I also oversee everything that has to do with my property’s operation. The four of us also have a common goal of increasing the value of my owner’s asset, or the community we work on. We also have more informal groups, which are defined as two or more individuals with a common interest but without an explicit structure (Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell, 2011). Unfortunately, like every other community I have worked at there are two informal groups. These groups consist of the office workers and the maintenance workers. Sometimes it is more of and us against them mentality, and we may not always see eye-to-eye. Even in the decentralized organization I work for, there are both formal and informal groups. From what I can see in my three weeks with the company, I have noticed there is a integrative culture within the organization. An integrative culture combines both high concern for people as well as high concern for performance (Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell, 2011). 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